For many pathogens, the initial point of entry into the host is mucosal epithelial cells, and the host's immune system deploys several defense mechanisms on this surface, including the mucus itself. Now, Barr et al. Pointed out that bacteriophage may constitute an additional antibacterial defense mechanism on the mucosal surface of the host.
Based on these findings, Barr et al. Proposed a model in which soluble bacteriophages bind to the polysaccharide component of mucin through the Ig-like domain on the surface of the protein, thereby using bacteria to form an antibacterial layer that can reduce mucus colonization and thus protect the underlying Raw skin cells are protected from infection. They further proposed that the hypermutation of the Ig-like domain and the dynamic properties of mucus—not only changing in structure but also continuously decaying on the outer surface—will enable the bacteriophage to quickly adapt to changes in mucus and bacterial invasion.
The authors sampled the mucosal surfaces of a range of organisms and found that the ratio of bacteriophages to bacteria on these surfaces is approximately four times that of the former compared to the surrounding environment. Examination of bacteriophage T4 adhered to human cell lines showed that more phage adhered to mucus-producing cells than cells that did not produce mucus, and chemical removal of mucus reduced the phage's Adhere.
Many bacteriophages in the human intestinal tract use hypervariable immunoglobulin (Ig) -like domains—associated with cell adhesion in many organisms—to encode proteins. The T4 surface protein Hoc (having a highly antigenic outer capsid) contains four such domains, and the authors speculate that they may bind to the components of mucus. In fact, compared to a mutant lacking Hoc, the increase in the number of T4 phage adhering to mucin-coated agar relative to the non-agar-coated T4 phage is very large for wild-type phage . In addition, the authors found that although wild-type T4 can bind different mammalian polysaccharides, it has a special affinity for these polysaccharides commonly found in mucin glycoproteins, and Hoc-deficient phages were tested on all 610 polysaccharides Has shown limited binding ability. Therefore, the bacteriophage T4 seems to be able to adhere to mucus through the interaction of Hoc with mucin polysaccharide.
Soluble phages, such as T4, kill strains that compete with their host strains. To test whether such dissolution activities can reduce bacterial colonization on the mucosal surface, the authors evaluated the effects of E. coli exposed to mucosa-producing tissue culture cells that had been pretreated with bacteriophage T4. Compared with cells that were not pretreated, bacterial adhesion and skin cell death were significantly reduced in T4 pretreated cells, meaning that the phage had a protective effect on the skin cells.
The relevance of this model in the intestinal environment and its applicability to mild bacteriophages (common in the intestine) remain to be seen, and the potential for therapeutic development, such as phage-modulated immunity, still needs to be explored. This discovery will undoubtedly become a springboard for many key discoveries in the future.
Stand Up Desk Adjustable Height
The good Stand up desk Adjustable Height Desk actually be beneficial to body's health who work on their computers all day. Sitting and standing working style alongside taking breaks, getting your legs and spine moving, promotes healthy blood circulation and staying active in general – as well as alternating between sit and stand, these productivity stations can certainly make a difference.
We have many series of best Height Adjustable Desk to help point you in the right direction. Whether you want something that's high-end and elegant, affordable, or a gaming desk, there's something on our products list to suit your comfort and wellness needs. We offer the best compuer desk, Standing Desk , Electric Standing Desk, height adjustable desk, Laptop Desk , Electric Gaming Desk , office exercise bike and an under-desk treadmill to make your work experience healthier.
Hollin height adjustable desk is designed to bring the simple and stylish look to morden offices and meanwhile support the wellbeing of workers. You deserve the Adjustable Height Standing Desks, which are designed with your needs in mind.A strong yet elegant station for your work, the Hollin Adjustable Height Sit Stand Desk boasts of cutting-edge physical attributes resulting from an in-depth research on the health and wellness benefits of standing while working. Because we design and manufacture our own products, you can be certain that we have dedicated ourselves completely to perfecting each item down to the tiniest detail.
Stand Up Desk Adjustable Height, Height Adjustable Desk, Adjustable Height Desk, Height Adjustable Desk Frame
Foshan Hollin Furniture Co.,Ltd , https://www.hollinfoshan.com