As night falls, the skyscrapers are lit up, and the neon advertisements on the street shops are full of brilliance. The bright city of "no night" tells the prosperity, but also hides the hidden worry: under the light, the starry sky can no longer be seen, and the light radiation brought by the super bright outdoor billboards poses no harm to the ecological environment. It is worth noting that the domestic problem of light pollution has not received sufficient attention and governance.
Harmful "light"
“Almost every sunny day, it will be stimulated by the reflected light from the glass curtain wall of the opposite office building.†The office window is talking to Ms. Xie of a commercial building in Tianhe District, Guangzhou. The strong reflected light often makes people unable to open their eyes. However, I am not too aware of the complaint channels and procedures. I can only pull on the curtains to avoid the stimulation of the light reflected from the glass curtain wall.
Ms. Xie’s encounter is the legendary “light pollutionâ€. It is understood that light pollution is a new environmental pollution source after pollution such as waste gas, waste water, waste residue and noise, mainly including white light pollution, artificial chalk pollution and color light pollution. In daily life, the common light pollution conditions are the dizziness of pedestrians and drivers caused by mirror construction reflections, and the discomfort caused by unreasonable lighting at night.
The harm of light pollution is not small. Studies have shown that light pollution can cause damage to the cornea and iris of the human eye, inhibit the function of photoreceptor cells of the retina, and cause visual fatigue and decreased vision. Light pollution can also cause headaches, fatigue, decreased sexual ability, increased stress and anxiety, and even cancer. Scientists have surveyed 147 communities in Israel and found that where light pollution is serious, women have a much higher probability of developing breast cancer. The reason may be that unnatural light inhibits the body's immune system, affects the production of hormones, and the endocrine balance is destroyed and causes cancer.
In addition, light pollution also brings ecological problems. Studies have shown that light pollution can affect the natural life of animals, and the affected animals stay up all night, causing problems in their ability to move. In addition, its ability to distinguish, compete, communicate and psychology will be affected, and even more, the position of predators and prey will be adjusted. Recently, a study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of B: Biosciences shows that urban light pollution may advance spring and may have a chain reaction to animals and plants.
At present, the city's light pollution can not be ignored. A study in the US Journal of Scientific Progress found that one-third of the population on Earth now cannot see the bright Milky Way in the night sky due to light pollution.
Also suffering from light pollution is Changchun citizen Xiao Chen, Xiao Chen’s residence is facing the street, and every night will be exposed to the light of the ultra-bright billboards outside the window. “It is no longer necessary to turn on the lights when watching TV at night. The light that is projected into the room outdoors is It’s already very squinting.†Xiao Chen said that she had reflected the situation to the management department of the building with billboards, but no one took care of it, so she had to install thick anti-glare curtains at home to avoid dazzling billboards. light.
According to incomplete statistics from relevant departments in Guangzhou, there were 70 complaints received by the public security department from 2013 to 2014. Among them, the complaints about road lighting and night lighting interfered with the light entering the living room to affect the residents accounted for the largest proportion, followed by the commercial advertising lighting into the living room affected residents, night construction lighting affected the rest.
"Although the number of complaints about optical radiation is not very large, many people may feel that the impact of light radiation is temporary and has little impact. It is also possible that many people are not clear about the division of responsibilities between departments and have complaints, but they do not know which department to complain about. "Ms. Xie said.
During the interview, many interviewees believed that in the past, people regarded lighting as a symbol of urban development and civilization, and did not form the concept of light pollution. However, with the rapid development of the city, the number of bright projects such as urban road lighting and night lighting has increased. It is necessary to look at the “light†in the city from the perspective of environmental protection, and strengthen the overall design planning and standardization.
Light pollution control is still difficult
The reporter learned that although the state and some places have introduced standards or norms on the design of lighting, such as roads, night scenes or outdoor advertisements, most of them are simple principled rules, and they are not mandatory or operational. At present, China does not have specific legislation on light pollution. Complaints involving light pollution are regulated by multiple departments. At the same time, due to incomplete standards, lack of social governance consensus, and insufficient source prevention, urban light pollution control is still difficult.
The first is that the standards are incomplete and it is difficult to identify. A number of experts said that one of the difficulties in light pollution control is that the standards are incomplete and difficult to identify. Is there a relevant standard for light pollution identification? Li Mingguang, director of the Environmental Policy Research Center of the Guangzhou Academy of Environmental Sciences, said that some national or local standards or technical specifications define certain types of light pollution, such as the provision of night illumination to produce the largest vertical illumination on the surface of residential windows. Allowable values, maximum allowable values ​​of average brightness generated on building facades and marking surfaces, etc., but some areas such as glass curtain wall reflection light are still lacking certification standards. Current lighting standards or specifications need to be researched into environmental protection standards, important light. Environmental quality standards are not yet available, and it is difficult to evaluate the quality of the light environment in an area.
Second, for non-traditional pollution, there is a lack of consensus on social governance. Li Yuping, a professor at Sun Yat-sen University Law School, said that there are no visible pollutants in light pollution, and it is not a traditional pollution. The affected population is relatively small, and the personal feelings are different, and the social consensus is insufficient.
Li Mingguang said that many light pollution is physical. After turning off the lights, the influence disappears, and residents can avoid them by means of distance and occlusion. Therefore, the consensus on citizen governance is insufficient.
Third, the source is insufficiently prevented. Taking the prevention and control of urban light pollution in Guangzhou as an example, Li Mingguang said that for the prevention and control of urban and rural roads and landscape lighting, at present, the night lighting facilities in key areas of Guangzhou have been incorporated into the Guangzhou centralized lighting control system, which can achieve centralized opening and closing in a unified time. However, there are a large number of self-managed landscape lighting facilities in the city, which can decide the opening time independently and cause light pollution to residents. Moreover, some new roads have not yet evaluated the light environment impact of road lighting facilities. The road surface brightness and glare level of road lighting may not meet the requirements of road lighting design standards.
In the aspect of prevention and control of building exterior wall decoration light pollution, the engineering design review and reporting procedures of the planning department and the construction department, and the environmental impact assessment of the environmental protection department construction project do not include the prior assessment of the light environment impact of the high-rise building glass curtain wall, then after completion, If you are complained of light pollution, because the overall transformation cost is high, usually only partial occlusion is made, and it is difficult to solve the problem fundamentally.
Delineating areas from source prevention
How should urban light pollution be treated? Where is the breakthrough? A number of experts and scholars have suggested strengthening light pollution investigations and basic research, strengthening source control by delineating light environment control areas, and enacting legislation from the perspective of comprehensive effects of light radiation on traffic safety, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Macroscopically, the light environment control area is delineated. Li Mingguang introduced that the international space pollution control is mainly based on different regional functions and light requirements to define different levels of light environment control areas, and then specifically control and management. For example, the city of Seoul, South Korea, has designated the city as a six-category light environment control area to guide nighttime landscape design and light pollution prevention work in various regions. Cities such as Nanjing and Yixing in Jiangsu Province have also conducted similar studies on light environmental control zoning. Major cities should strengthen research and promote the protection and improvement of the light environment by delineating the light environment control zone.
Strict lighting products are regulated and supervised from design to use. Wang Shuxiao, a senior engineer at the China Academy of Building Research, believes that reducing light pollution depends not only on technological upgrading of source lighting products, but also on the use of regulations and regulations. From design and installation to use planning to supervision, the failure of any part of the whole process to achieve standard standards may cause light pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the technical review and management supervision of urban lighting from production to use.
Legislation is carried out from the perspective of integrated management of optical radiation. Li Yuping believes that only a single light pollution legislation is not necessary. It should be considered from the perspective of comprehensive management of optical radiation, not only for light pollution, but also for the impact of various light radiation on traffic safety, urban beautification, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Li Mingguang believes that the newly revised Environmental Protection Law Article 42 clearly defines “light radiation†as a target of pollution and requires prevention and control, which provides a legal basis for local regulations. Local governments may first legislate to raise the strict implementation of national or local technical specifications into mandatory legal provisions.
Harmful "light"
“Almost every sunny day, it will be stimulated by the reflected light from the glass curtain wall of the opposite office building.†The office window is talking to Ms. Xie of a commercial building in Tianhe District, Guangzhou. The strong reflected light often makes people unable to open their eyes. However, I am not too aware of the complaint channels and procedures. I can only pull on the curtains to avoid the stimulation of the light reflected from the glass curtain wall.
Ms. Xie’s encounter is the legendary “light pollutionâ€. It is understood that light pollution is a new environmental pollution source after pollution such as waste gas, waste water, waste residue and noise, mainly including white light pollution, artificial chalk pollution and color light pollution. In daily life, the common light pollution conditions are the dizziness of pedestrians and drivers caused by mirror construction reflections, and the discomfort caused by unreasonable lighting at night.
The harm of light pollution is not small. Studies have shown that light pollution can cause damage to the cornea and iris of the human eye, inhibit the function of photoreceptor cells of the retina, and cause visual fatigue and decreased vision. Light pollution can also cause headaches, fatigue, decreased sexual ability, increased stress and anxiety, and even cancer. Scientists have surveyed 147 communities in Israel and found that where light pollution is serious, women have a much higher probability of developing breast cancer. The reason may be that unnatural light inhibits the body's immune system, affects the production of hormones, and the endocrine balance is destroyed and causes cancer.
In addition, light pollution also brings ecological problems. Studies have shown that light pollution can affect the natural life of animals, and the affected animals stay up all night, causing problems in their ability to move. In addition, its ability to distinguish, compete, communicate and psychology will be affected, and even more, the position of predators and prey will be adjusted. Recently, a study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of B: Biosciences shows that urban light pollution may advance spring and may have a chain reaction to animals and plants.
At present, the city's light pollution can not be ignored. A study in the US Journal of Scientific Progress found that one-third of the population on Earth now cannot see the bright Milky Way in the night sky due to light pollution.
Also suffering from light pollution is Changchun citizen Xiao Chen, Xiao Chen’s residence is facing the street, and every night will be exposed to the light of the ultra-bright billboards outside the window. “It is no longer necessary to turn on the lights when watching TV at night. The light that is projected into the room outdoors is It’s already very squinting.†Xiao Chen said that she had reflected the situation to the management department of the building with billboards, but no one took care of it, so she had to install thick anti-glare curtains at home to avoid dazzling billboards. light.
According to incomplete statistics from relevant departments in Guangzhou, there were 70 complaints received by the public security department from 2013 to 2014. Among them, the complaints about road lighting and night lighting interfered with the light entering the living room to affect the residents accounted for the largest proportion, followed by the commercial advertising lighting into the living room affected residents, night construction lighting affected the rest.
"Although the number of complaints about optical radiation is not very large, many people may feel that the impact of light radiation is temporary and has little impact. It is also possible that many people are not clear about the division of responsibilities between departments and have complaints, but they do not know which department to complain about. "Ms. Xie said.
During the interview, many interviewees believed that in the past, people regarded lighting as a symbol of urban development and civilization, and did not form the concept of light pollution. However, with the rapid development of the city, the number of bright projects such as urban road lighting and night lighting has increased. It is necessary to look at the “light†in the city from the perspective of environmental protection, and strengthen the overall design planning and standardization.
Light pollution control is still difficult
The reporter learned that although the state and some places have introduced standards or norms on the design of lighting, such as roads, night scenes or outdoor advertisements, most of them are simple principled rules, and they are not mandatory or operational. At present, China does not have specific legislation on light pollution. Complaints involving light pollution are regulated by multiple departments. At the same time, due to incomplete standards, lack of social governance consensus, and insufficient source prevention, urban light pollution control is still difficult.
The first is that the standards are incomplete and it is difficult to identify. A number of experts said that one of the difficulties in light pollution control is that the standards are incomplete and difficult to identify. Is there a relevant standard for light pollution identification? Li Mingguang, director of the Environmental Policy Research Center of the Guangzhou Academy of Environmental Sciences, said that some national or local standards or technical specifications define certain types of light pollution, such as the provision of night illumination to produce the largest vertical illumination on the surface of residential windows. Allowable values, maximum allowable values ​​of average brightness generated on building facades and marking surfaces, etc., but some areas such as glass curtain wall reflection light are still lacking certification standards. Current lighting standards or specifications need to be researched into environmental protection standards, important light. Environmental quality standards are not yet available, and it is difficult to evaluate the quality of the light environment in an area.
Second, for non-traditional pollution, there is a lack of consensus on social governance. Li Yuping, a professor at Sun Yat-sen University Law School, said that there are no visible pollutants in light pollution, and it is not a traditional pollution. The affected population is relatively small, and the personal feelings are different, and the social consensus is insufficient.
Li Mingguang said that many light pollution is physical. After turning off the lights, the influence disappears, and residents can avoid them by means of distance and occlusion. Therefore, the consensus on citizen governance is insufficient.
Third, the source is insufficiently prevented. Taking the prevention and control of urban light pollution in Guangzhou as an example, Li Mingguang said that for the prevention and control of urban and rural roads and landscape lighting, at present, the night lighting facilities in key areas of Guangzhou have been incorporated into the Guangzhou centralized lighting control system, which can achieve centralized opening and closing in a unified time. However, there are a large number of self-managed landscape lighting facilities in the city, which can decide the opening time independently and cause light pollution to residents. Moreover, some new roads have not yet evaluated the light environment impact of road lighting facilities. The road surface brightness and glare level of road lighting may not meet the requirements of road lighting design standards.
In the aspect of prevention and control of building exterior wall decoration light pollution, the engineering design review and reporting procedures of the planning department and the construction department, and the environmental impact assessment of the environmental protection department construction project do not include the prior assessment of the light environment impact of the high-rise building glass curtain wall, then after completion, If you are complained of light pollution, because the overall transformation cost is high, usually only partial occlusion is made, and it is difficult to solve the problem fundamentally.
Delineating areas from source prevention
How should urban light pollution be treated? Where is the breakthrough? A number of experts and scholars have suggested strengthening light pollution investigations and basic research, strengthening source control by delineating light environment control areas, and enacting legislation from the perspective of comprehensive effects of light radiation on traffic safety, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Macroscopically, the light environment control area is delineated. Li Mingguang introduced that the international space pollution control is mainly based on different regional functions and light requirements to define different levels of light environment control areas, and then specifically control and management. For example, the city of Seoul, South Korea, has designated the city as a six-category light environment control area to guide nighttime landscape design and light pollution prevention work in various regions. Cities such as Nanjing and Yixing in Jiangsu Province have also conducted similar studies on light environmental control zoning. Major cities should strengthen research and promote the protection and improvement of the light environment by delineating the light environment control zone.
Strict lighting products are regulated and supervised from design to use. Wang Shuxiao, a senior engineer at the China Academy of Building Research, believes that reducing light pollution depends not only on technological upgrading of source lighting products, but also on the use of regulations and regulations. From design and installation to use planning to supervision, the failure of any part of the whole process to achieve standard standards may cause light pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the technical review and management supervision of urban lighting from production to use.
Legislation is carried out from the perspective of integrated management of optical radiation. Li Yuping believes that only a single light pollution legislation is not necessary. It should be considered from the perspective of comprehensive management of optical radiation, not only for light pollution, but also for the impact of various light radiation on traffic safety, urban beautification, energy conservation and environmental protection.
Li Mingguang believes that the newly revised Environmental Protection Law Article 42 clearly defines “light radiation†as a target of pollution and requires prevention and control, which provides a legal basis for local regulations. Local governments may first legislate to raise the strict implementation of national or local technical specifications into mandatory legal provisions.
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