China is one of the oldest and most culturally enduring countries in the world. In its long history, it has created a splendid national culture. Among them, furniture culture, as an important part of this art treasure house, has gradually formed a unique form with various styles and features through the labor creation of ancestors for thousands of years. The study of furniture in the past generations will enable us to understand the development of production, customs, thoughts, feelings and aesthetic tastes from one aspect. The artistic achievements of Chinese furniture have had different degrees of influence on the East and West. In the world furniture system, it occupies an important position. The term furniture, their meanings are very broad, but usually refer to the "tables and benches" made by carpenters. The ancients sat on the ground, the bed was mainly in the room, and the floor was laid; later, there were screens, several cases, cases and other furniture. The bed was both a bedding and a seat, and on this basis, the bed was extended. There were not many changes in the periods of Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han and Wei. There were stools and tables, but not the mainstream. Until the Han Dynasty, the Hu bed entered the Central Plains. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, high-profile seats appeared one after another. Sitting and getting popular. The form of residence in the Tang Dynasty is still two forms of parallel. High tables, chairs, stools, etc. have been used by many people, but sitting on the ground is still the daily habit of many people.
Really began to sit high and sit from the Song Dynasty, all kinds of furniture with high sitting also came into being. The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have been demanding excellence in the production and design of furniture, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which became the heyday of traditional furniture.
The trait of Chinese furniture in the past is that it not only improves the value of its service to human beings through the evolution of various historical periods, but also condenses the different artistic styles formed in its specific environment. Among the existing Ming and Qing furniture with a large number of digits, it is concentrated in the exquisite craft value, the high artistic appreciation value and the heavy historical and cultural value. This makes furniture one of the cultural heritages that the Chinese nation deserves to be proud of and cherish. The lifestyle habits of the Song Dynasty before and after the Song Dynasty were very different from the later ones, so we can hardly see the furniture before Song Dynasty. In the millennium after the Song Dynasty, people used to sit high and have a large number of beautiful and practical furniture. Ming and Qing furniture is the golden age of furniture. It can be said that it has reached the peak of its peak. The unprecedented prosperity of the furniture manufacturing industry in the early Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty can be attributed to two reasons. First, the commodity economy of urban towns and towns is generally developed, and the pursuit of social fashion has stimulated the supply and demand of furniture from another aspect; another reason may be In connection with the opening of the sea, there is a large influx of hard wood, which allows the craftsmen to have room to play, and actually produces furniture that surpasses the previous generation in terms of firmness, beauty and practicality. After human beings left the cave life, they experienced a long period of tribal disputes and city-state scuffles. During the Shang Dynasty's entry into the Bronze Civilization, China can see the superb casting techniques and extraordinary aesthetic tastes from the existing unearthed relics. In the daily life of the ancestors, the ritual activities occupy the supreme position, pinning the weather and the harvest of the grain on the protection of heaven. The ritual instrument became the most important artifact of this period, and some of it was regarded as the early furniture, which played the role of storage and storage. For example, "ä¿Ž" is a case specially used to slaughter livestock, and put the slaughtered sacrifices on it; like "forbidden", it is the platform of the wine-discharging device in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The shape is thick and the decoration is mostly horrible. The crepe. In addition, the commercial dynasty technology has emerged in the Shang Dynasty and has been applied to the decoration of bed and case furniture. From the lacquer fragments left unearthed, you can see the rich ornamentation. In addition to the black flowers and black flowers, it is also inlaid with ivory and turquoise. Its technology has reached a very high level in the Spring and Autumn Period, the slave society has collapsed, and the whole society has turned to the feudal society. During the transition period, the level of productivity during the Warring States period was greatly improved, and people's living environment was improved accordingly. Compared with the previous generation, the manufacturing level of furniture has been greatly improved. Especially in the field of wood processing, there are skilled craftsmen like Luban, which not only promote the development of furniture, but also play their talents in wood construction. Due to advances in metallurgical technology, improvements in ironmaking technology have brought about rapid changes in wood processing, and there have been a wealth of processing equipment and tools, such as iron saws, axes, drills, chisels, shovel, planing, etc. The manufacture brings convenience. According to legend, Luban was invented by Luban, and the improvement of the craft also promoted the improvement of furniture.
At that time, the main types of furniture were several cases and cases. Most of the wood products are decorated with lacquer, one for the sake of beauty, showing the identity and status of the owner of the furniture, and the other for protecting the wood. At that time, people's living habits were sitting and squatting on the ground, so the case and the case were relatively low. The emergence of the bed has made the human life level a big step forward. The wood is buried in the ground, and it is easily damaged by moisture and pressure. It is also vulnerable to water and fire during use, so it is difficult for us to see the real thing at that time. The painted bed unearthed in Xinyang, Henan Province is an extremely rare material evidence. It can be seen that the furniture manufacturing situation in Chu State can also infer its predecessor. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there was a record of using screens. It played a role in dividing the space and beautifying the environment. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, its production and decoration were quite beautiful. Qin Shihuang unified the world and established a centralized feudal state. A series of reform measures have brought politics, economy and culture to a new height. The large-scale Afang Palace is a landmark building of the Emperor Qin Shihuang's great construction. The glory of the time was accompanied by war and natural disasters. The luxurious furnishings and grand palaces were nowhere to be found. We can only imagine by means of historical records and literary works. The situation at the time. The Han Dynasty is still sitting on the ground. The indoor life is centered on the bed and the couch. The function of the bed is not only for sleep, but also activities such as dining and talking are carried out on the bed. A large number of Han Dynasty portrait bricks and portrait stones reflect such a scene. The bed is slightly different from the couch, the bed is higher than the couch and is wider than the couch. The accounts placed on the bed also play an important role. In summer, mosquitoes and winters are cold, and at the same time they play a role in beautification, and they are also signs of identity and wealth. In the Han Dynasty, it was a symbol of the hierarchy. The emperor used the jade, the princes used wooden or bamboo, and placed them in front of the bed, playing an important role in life and daily life. The role of the case is quite large. From the time to the emperor, down to the people, the case is used as a table for eating and drinking, and it is also used to place bamboo slips and desk writing. With frequent exchanges with countries in the Western Regions, the state of relative isolation between countries has been broken. The bed was introduced to China at this time. This is a seat shaped like Mazar. Later it was developed into a collapsible Mazar, a chair, etc. More importantly, it laid the foundation for people to sit down. From the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were more than a thousand years before and after. The Chinese society has undergone drastic changes during this period. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties have been in chaos for years. The Li Tang dynasty was a great event. The life of the Song Dynasty was increasingly prosperous. The Yuan Empire was vast and unprecedented. These drastic changes have brought tremendous changes to the society. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Italian traveler Mark Polo praised the majestic and magnificent Eastern Empire. The light of the Eastern civilization contrasted with the darkness of the European Middle Ages. During this period, the lives of Chinese people and the furniture used by Chinese people in their lives have undergone fundamental changes. "Sitting on the ground" is an intrinsic habit of the Chinese before the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the exchanges between the East and the West, new lifestyles were introduced into China, and the form of "sit down and sit" was more convenient and comfortable. It is accepted by people that this introduction of sitting posture is directly related to the introduction of Buddhism. Especially after the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, a more colorful and secular life form began. Despite the political chaos and frequent wars during the period from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the spiritual life in the period was very free and open, and the artistic creation was full of enthusiasm. The people who are struggling in the war are full of illusions about the afterlife depicted by Buddhism, and the detached genius of the nobles, who live in the mountains, and Tao Yuanming and the seven sages of the bamboo forest, appear in such a social background. The growing prosperity of Buddhism has promoted the construction of temples and grottoes on a large scale. The furnishings and utensils have also been influenced by foreign influences, and high-rise furniture such as piers, chairs and stools have appeared. Unfortunately, we can't see the real things of the furniture at that time. The reference materials can only rely on the murals, stone carvings, written records or other imitations of other crafts. From the paintings of the Tang Dynasty, chairs, stools, double beds, piers and other furniture can be seen, but these furniture are limited to the upper classes or monks. This is related to the habit of sitting on the ground of the previous generation. Perhaps people at that time understood the bed and the couch as high ground. In terms of decoration, embossed accessories or painting patterns have a lot to do with Buddhism. The Sui Dynasty only lasted for 37 years. There was nothing special about furniture and no change. The real period of prosperity was in the Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, there was a vigorous and enterprising spirit. After a long period of war and displacement, the enthusiasm of people's lives broke out. The "rule of Zhenguan" brought social stability and unprecedented cultural prosperity. Under such a social background, the furniture of the Tang Dynasty showed its characteristics of being honest, full, generous and stable. Its weight and momentum were relatively large, but there was no change in technology and variety. The furniture used by the aristocrats is richer, especially in the decoration, and there are many writings in the Tang paintings. The furniture of this period was intricately carved and painted with large lacquer and painted with floral patterns. From the Dunhuang murals in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the drums, lotus seats, rattan piers, etc., you can also see the simple shape of the plate, the case of the foot, the cockerel case. The literati doctors are pursuing a more refined and clean style, so the erected screens and screens of this period are not decorated. There is no change in the bed type. Due to the previous generation, the box bed, screen bed, platform bed and independent bed are the main ones. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the scholar-officials and the famous family were eager to pursue luxury and luxury life. Many major banquets and social activities were recorded by masters of painting, which provided us with extremely reliable image information for studying and examining the living environment of people at that time. The five-generation painter Gu Yuzhong’s "Han Xi Zai Night Banquet" is a good example. The picture shows us clearly the use of furniture during the Five Dynasties, including straight back chairs, strips, screens, beds, couches, piers, etc. . The complete and concise form also indicates to us the pre-form of Ming-style furniture, which laid the foundation for the most perfect stage of Chinese historical furniture.
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